How Chinese state support helped fuel Huawei’s global rise
Tens of billions of dollars in financial assistance from the Chinese government helped fuel Huawei Technologies’ rise to the top of global telecommunications, a scale of support that in key measures dwarfed what its closest tech rivals got from their governments.
A Wall Street Journal review of Huawei’s grants, credit facilities, tax breaks and other forms of financial assistance details for the first time how Huawei had access to as much as $US75 billion in state support as it grew from a little-known vendor of phone switches to the world’s largest telecom-equipment company -- helping Huawei offer generous financing terms and undercut rivals’ prices by some 30 per cent, analysts and customers say.
Huawei is vying to build next-generation 5G telecom networks around the world. While financial support for favoured firms or industries is common in many countries, China’s assistance for Huawei, including tax waivers that began 25 years ago, is among a number of factors stoking questions about Huawei’s relationship with the state.
Security concerns were cited in Australia’s decision to ban Huawei from taking part in the 5G rollout, and Huawei’s Australian arm has been added to a US government blacklist.
“While Huawei has commercial interests, those commercial interests are strongly supported by the state,” said Michael Wessel, a member of a US congressional panel that reviews US-China relations, in an interview. The US has raised concerns that use of Huawei’s equipment could pose a security risk, should Beijing request network data from the company. Huawei says it would never hand such data to the government.
The largest portion of assistance, about $US46 billion, comes from loans, credit lines and other assistance from state lenders, the Journal’s review showed. The company saved as much as $US25 billion in taxes between 2008 and 2018 due to state incentives to promote the tech sector. Among other assistance, it enjoyed $US1.6 billion in grants and $US2 billion in land discounts.
Huawei said in a statement that it received “small and non-material” grants to support its research, which it said were not unusual. Much of the support -- for example, tax breaks to the tech sector -- was available to others, it noted.
The Journal in its research made use of available public records, including company statements and land-registry documents. The Journal verified its methodology with subsidy analysts, including Usha Haley, professor at Wichita State University, and Good Jobs First, a Washington DC, organisation that criticises some tax incentives and provides widely consulted subsidy data.
State assistance for Huawei isn’t always quantifiable. In 1999, China’s central government arranged an unusual intervention to rescue the company from allegations of tax fraud, according to accounts by Chinese and other officials.
Local tax breaks for Huawei spurred anonymous accusations around 1998 that it was evading taxes. As the company faced a business slump, Li Zibin, then mayor of Shenzhen city, where Huawei is based, said he took Huawei’s plight to Chinese then-Vice Premier Wu Bangguo.
Mr Wu, who oversaw state-owned companies, wasn’t sure at first if he should act. He viewed Huawei as privately owned, according to a transcript of Mr Li’s remarks at a state conference in 2012. Mr Wu eventually agreed to assemble a team of auditors, Mr Li said. Huawei was cleared within weeks. Messrs Li and Wu didn’t respond to requests for comment.
Huawei’s official grants, disclosed in annual reports, total $US1.6 billion since 2008. In the five years to 2018, they were 17 times as large as similar subsidies reported by Nokia, of Finland, the world’s second-largest telecom equipment maker. Sweden’s Ericsson, the third-largest, posted none in the period.
In China’s southern city of Dongguan, state records show, Huawei bought more than a dozen state-owned parcels in largely uncontested auctions between 2014 and 2018 for its research campus. The company paid prices that were 10 per cent-50 per cent of average prices for similarly zoned land in Dongguan, according to Chinese property-value databases. The discounts saved Huawei some $US2 billion, according to a Journal review. Huawei declined to comment on the estimate.
Other savings came from state policies to promote China’s tech sector. Tax deductions and exemptions helped Huawei save up to $US25 billion in income, value-added and other taxes in at least the past decade, the Journal estimated. Responding to the estimate, a Huawei spokesman said the company is globally tax-compliant.
In his remarks at the conference, Mr Li said local officials began waiving or reducing levies on Huawei, including income and value-added taxes, in the early 1990s.
Financial support helped Huawei undercut rivals. In 2010, the European Commission found that Chinese modem exporters including Huawei had benefited from subsidies, according to a confidential report reviewed by the Journal. The commission cut short its probe after the complainant prompting the probe reached a “co-operation agreement” with Huawei. Huawei denied receiving such subsidies.
Besides subsidies, Huawei since 1998 has received an estimated $US16 billion in loans, export credits, and other forms of financing from Chinese banks for itself or its customers, the Journal found.
China’s state-controlled banking system underpins cheap loans that lower costs for Huawei and its customers to buy Huawei’s products on credit. State lending facilities for Huawei were among the largest in history.
Mega-lenders China Development Bank and Export-Import Bank of China in the last two decades made available more than $US30 billion in credit lines for Huawei’s customers. World Bank and official data indicate these banks were lending to Huawei’s clients in developing economies at some 3 per cent in at least Huawei’s first decade abroad, around half of China’s five-year benchmark rate in since 2004.
A Huawei spokesman told the Journal that CDB’s $US30 billion credit line “has seldom been more than 10 per cent subscribed,” and customers’ use of the facility “fluctuates over time.” In 2011, Huawei Deputy Chairman Ken Hu said CDB had lent Huawei’s customers $US10 billion since 2004.
Huawei said that lenders -- mostly non-Chinese banks, it said -- account for only 10 per cent of Huawei’s financing needs as of the end of last year, funded at commercial rates, with the rest coming from the company’s own cash flow and business operations.
“If you’re going to buy a house, and if you are able to say you got backing of a half-million dollar line of credit, that’s going to make you a much stronger bidder,” said Fred Hochberg, former chairman of US Export-Import Bank. “What Huawei did, cleverly, is to make sure that, when they made a bid, it came with financing terms” that surpassed those of competitors.
Official data show Swedish export authorities provided some $10 billion in credit assistance for Sweden’s tech-and-telecom sector as of 2018; Finland authorised $US30 billion in annual export credit guarantees economywide from 2017.
Huawei’s largest American competitor, Cisco Systems, received $US44.5 billion in state and federal subsidies, loans, guarantees, grants and other U.S. assistance since 2000, Good Jobs First data show. Cisco didn’t comment.
China’s foreign ministry said in a statement to the Journal that Huawei is a private company “like many others in China” whose achievements “are inseparable from a good policy environment.”
In 2009, Huawei pitched to Pakistan a surveillance system for its capital, Islamabad. Pakistan’s prime minister accepted, but Islamabad lacked funds, and its procurement rules required competitive bidding, Pakistan court filings say.
The Chinese offered a solution. China Ex-Im would lend Pakistan $US124.7 million for the project and waive most of the 3 per cent annual interest on the 20-year loan. There was a condition, Pakistan Supreme Court filings show: Pakistan could choose only Huawei. Pakistan’s government decided to proceed without competitive bidding.
“On the recommendation of Ex-Im Bank, the prime minister of Pakistan selected Huawei,” then-interior minister Ahsan Iqbal told Pakistan officials.
A Chinese embassy report showed Beijing’s then-ambassador to Islamabad officiating at the project’s inauguration in 2016 alongside Pakistan’s interior minister, standing before an array of glowing security monitors.
“The Chinese government funded it and Huawei built it,” the embassy said.
Wall Street Journal
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